This assessment will cover following questions:
- How concept of money guide people to respond in a self- interested manner.
- Demonstrate research exploring the role of political orientation in self-interested behaviour.
- Examine the different theoretical accounts of the priming effect.
- Critically review Vohs et al.’s work on money priming and its effect on self-interested behaviour.
Introduction
Describe the context of the research in terms of money priming, political orientation and self-interested behaviours.
Money is utilised for exchange in regards to free market cues which helps to allow various exchanges to be happened along with justifying them (Amabile, 2018). It is being analysed that money primes are responsible for boosting up the social dominance, trust in just world, ideology of free market and justification of system. However, there are number of factors which has a contribution in terms of influencing the entire impact of prime including motivation significance of prime, ease through which primed content come in mind, an ambiguity of situation outputs and specific meaning of the prime. In addition to this, it had been analysed that individuals reminded of money which are observed to be less attuned interpersonally as compared to the neutral primes. Meanwhile, these are not considering of remaining caring, warm or pro social accordingly (Inbar and Lammers, 2012). The other aspects related to money is that people focus on using it into their profession, business and work due to having that mentality which helps to gain return from the same. Moreover, it has been evaluated that about supporting the thought about money primes in order to concentrate on economics, business ideals and trades (Corrigan and Penn, 2015).
Altruism refers to an action for improving other's well-being at risk and cost of ourselves. It includes the behaviour of concerning in regards to benefits of other people by putting self-efforts without any desire of own benefits. However, it is observed that individuals behave in altruistic ways when they see another people in desperate situations or feel empathy and a desire of help them. Money is also responsible for influencing political orientation which depend upon the subjective socio economic status of an individual. At the other hand, money priming influence self-interest when a person think about their own advantages and profits. They focus on their own interested choices and preferences for completing their needs by shifting money respectively (Tedeschi, 2013).
Discuss the finding that priming people with the concept of money.
Considering the concept of self-interested regarding money priming, it has been analysed that it is responsible for creating the thought that what an individual want in their personal life. It includes the development of self-interests aspects which focussed by a person to gain their self requirements (Pearce, 2013). Meanwhile, self-interest concept create the hypothesis of self-sufficiency which can be described as an emphasised behaviours through that an individual select their desires to be completed by money priming by avoiding involvement of another people. It has been analysed that such self interest citizens do not like to involve others or feel hesitate to consider others in their self activities. In addition to this, it is observed that people with having self sufficient condition of their mind to be remained concentrated towards agentic targets to pursue along with reducing the focus on internal likes or empathetic reactions of them through being reminded of money. Moreover, it has been identified that if a person focus on their self interest and become more individualistically oriented then it is responsible for affecting their social relations in negative way which is consistent with the self sufficiency hypothesis. Furthermore, the development of self orientation reduce the altruistic behaviour of an individual and desire to help others (Amabile and Pillemer, 2012).
Discuss the different theoretical accounts of the priming effect.
The money priming impact on mind of set of people which activates the thoughts exchanging orientation which is responsible for harming pro social responses and social relations (Van Stekelenburg and Klandermans, 2013). An individual become self interested by the influence of money prime which impact negatively on their relations and develop own desire to be fulfilled by shifting money. However the priming effect in relation to political orientation impact on their decision making which harms population accordingly. It is observed that political orientation can be positive because money prime in politics is supportive as it can be used to help close ones and other other individuals for their welfare. Moreover, the factor of altruism can be strengthen with the money prime effect as it is much sufficient to put efforts for welfare of other people. Furthermore, an individual become more individualistic where they initially think about their own desires as compared to others which seems to be quite negative in regards to other people (Bull. and Rumsey, 2012).
Describe research examining the role of political orientation in self-interested behaviour
The political orientation consist the proper understanding about left and right wing attitude of people because of their own explanatory power established by influence of personality factors. It is observed that political power an individual can develop personal desires of an individual and they give preference to it which affect negatively to other people (Pennebaker, Rim and Paez, 2013).
State the aim(s), research questions and hypotheses of the study.
First Hypothesis
(M money prime (exposure to money and no exposure to money) is taken as independent variable and the proportion of taxes allocated to charity donations is taken as dependent variable)
Group Statistics |
|||||
|
Money condition (high vs. low) |
N |
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
Std. Error Mean |
What percentage (if any) would you personally consider allocating to your chosen charity? |
Low Money |
56 |
6.4786 |
3.20197 |
.42788 |
High Money |
54 |
5.0926 |
2.91398 |
.39654 |
Independent Samples Test |
||||||||||
|
Levene's Test for Equality of Variances |
t-test for Equality of Means |
||||||||
F |
Sig. |
t |
df |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
Mean Difference |
Std. Error Difference |
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference |
|||
Lower |
Upper |
|||||||||
What percentage (if any) would you personally consider allocating to your chosen charity? |
Equal variances assumed |
3.268 |
.073 |
2.372 |
108 |
.019 |
1.38598 |
.58438 |
.22763 |
2.54433 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
2.376 |
107.645 |
.019 |
1.38598 |
.58338 |
.22958 |
2.54238 |
Second Hypothesis
Political orientation will be the independent variable and proportion of taxes allocated to charity donations will be the dependent variable
Group Statistics |
|||||
|
Where do you see yourself politically on a scale of Left (liberal) to Right (conservative)? |
N |
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
Std. Error Mean |
What percentage (if any) would you personally consider allocating to your chosen charity? |
Right |
59 |
6.1831 |
3.11980 |
.40616 |
Left |
51 |
5.3529 |
3.10923 |
.43538 |
Independent Samples Test |
||||||||||
|
Levene's Test for Equality of Variances |
t-test for Equality of Means |
||||||||
F |
Sig. |
t |
df |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
Mean Difference |
Std. Error Difference |
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference |
|||
Lower |
Upper |
|||||||||
What percentage (if any) would you personally consider allocating to your chosen charity? |
Equal variances assumed |
.356 |
.552 |
1.394 |
108 |
.166 |
.83011 |
.59557 |
-.35041 |
2.01063 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
1.394 |
105.811 |
.166 |
.83011 |
.59542 |
-.35039 |
2.01061 |
Third hypothesis
Condition with Tax
Group Statistics |
||||||
Where do you see yourself politically on a scale of Left (liberal) to Right (conservative)? |
Money condition (high vs. low) |
N |
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
Std. Error Mean |
|
Right |
What percentage (if any) would you personally consider allocating to your chosen charity? |
Low Money |
34 |
6.9147 |
3.08025 |
.52826 |
High Money |
25 |
5.1880 |
2.94722 |
.58944 |
||
Left |
What percentage (if any) would you personally consider allocating to your chosen charity? |
Low Money |
22 |
5.8045 |
3.34044 |
.71218 |
High Money |
29 |
5.0103 |
2.93469 |
.54496 |
Independent Samples Test |
|||||||||||
Where do you see yourself politically on a scale of Left (liberal) to Right (conservative)? |
Levene's Test for Equality of Variances |
t-test for Equality of Means |
|||||||||
F |
Sig. |
t |
df |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
Mean Difference |
Std. Error Difference |
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference |
||||
Lower |
Upper |
||||||||||
Right |
What percentage (if any) would you personally consider allocating to your chosen charity? |
Equal variances assumed |
.956 |
.332 |
2.167 |
57 |
.034 |
1.72671 |
.79696 |
.13083 |
3.32259 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
2.182 |
53.115 |
.034 |
1.72671 |
.79152 |
.13920 |
3.31421 |
||
Left |
What percentage (if any) would you personally consider allocating to your chosen charity? |
Equal variances assumed |
1.733 |
.194 |
.902 |
49 |
.372 |
.79420 |
.88073 |
-.97569 |
2.56409 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
.886 |
41.994 |
.381 |
.79420 |
.89676 |
-1.01555 |
2.60395 |
Left and right with Tax
Group Statistics |
||||||
Money condition (high vs. low) |
Where do you see yourself politically on a scale of Left (liberal) to Right (conservative)? |
N |
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
Std. Error Mean |
|
Low Money |
What percentage (if any) would you personally consider allocating to your chosen charity? |
Right |
34 |
6.9147 |
3.08025 |
.52826 |
Left |
22 |
5.8045 |
3.34044 |
.71218 |
||
High Money |
What percentage (if any) would you personally consider allocating to your chosen charity? |
Right |
25 |
5.1880 |
2.94722 |
.58944 |
Left |
29 |
5.0103 |
2.93469 |
.54496 |
Independent Samples Test |
|||||||||||
Money condition (high vs. low) |
Levene's Test for Equality of Variances |
t-test for Equality of Means |
|||||||||
F |
Sig. |
t |
df |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
Mean Difference |
Std. Error Difference |
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference |
||||
Lower |
Upper |
||||||||||
Low Money |
What percentage (if any) would you personally consider allocating to your chosen charity? |
Equal variances assumed |
.042 |
.839 |
1.274 |
54 |
.208 |
1.11016 |
.87119 |
-.63646 |
2.85679 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
1.252 |
42.314 |
.217 |
1.11016 |
.88672 |
-.67891 |
2.89923 |
||
High Money |
What percentage (if any) would you personally consider allocating to your chosen charity? |
Equal variances assumed |
.162 |
.689 |
.221 |
52 |
.826 |
.17766 |
.80250 |
-1.43268 |
1.78799 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
.221 |
50.769 |
.826 |
.17766 |
.80276 |
-1.43413 |
1.78944 |
Group Statistics |
||||||
In the text you hopefully just read, which is true: |
Where do you see yourself politically on a scale of Left (liberal) to Right (conservative)? |
N |
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
Std. Error Mean |
|
The author came from a very affluent family |
Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding Short Form |
Right |
34 |
64.74 |
12.226 |
2.097 |
Left |
22 |
68.50 |
12.648 |
2.697 |
||
The author came from a family that didn't have much money |
Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding Short Form |
Right |
25 |
66.12 |
15.530 |
3.106 |
Left |
29 |
69.79 |
11.191 |
2.078 |
Independent Samples Test |
|||||||||||
In the text you hopefully just read, which is true: |
Levene's Test for Equality of Variances |
t-test for Equality of Means |
|||||||||
F |
Sig. |
t |
df |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
Mean Difference |
Std. Error Difference |
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference |
||||
Lower |
Upper |
||||||||||
The author came from a very affluent family |
Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding Short Form |
Equal variances assumed |
.004 |
.950 |
-1.110 |
54 |
.272 |
-3.765 |
3.391 |
-10.562 |
3.033 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
-1.102 |
43.865 |
.276 |
-3.765 |
3.416 |
-10.649 |
3.120 |
||
The author came from a family that didn't have much money |
Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding Short Form |
Equal variances assumed |
1.544 |
.220 |
-1.007 |
52 |
.319 |
-3.673 |
3.649 |
-10.995 |
3.649 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
-.983 |
42.923 |
.331 |
-3.673 |
3.737 |
-11.210 |
3.864 |
One-Sample Statistics |
|||||
Where do you see yourself politically on a scale of Left (liberal) to Right (conservative)? |
N |
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
Std. Error Mean |
|
Right |
Money condition (high vs. low) |
59 |
1.42 |
.498 |
.065 |
What percentage (if any) would you personally consider allocating to your chosen charity? |
59 |
6.1831 |
3.11980 |
.40616 |
|
Left |
Money condition (high vs. low) |
51 |
1.57 |
.500 |
.070 |
What percentage (if any) would you personally consider allocating to your chosen charity? |
51 |
5.3529 |
3.10923 |
.43538 |
One-Sample Test |
|||||||
Where do you see yourself politically on a scale of Left (liberal) to Right (conservative)? |
Test Value = 0 |
||||||
t |
df |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
Mean Difference |
90% Confidence Interval of the Difference |
|||
Lower |
Upper |
||||||
Right |
Money condition (high vs. low) |
21.942 |
58 |
.000 |
1.424 |
1.32 |
1.53 |
What percentage (if any) would you personally consider allocating to your chosen charity? |
15.223 |
58 |
.000 |
6.18305 |
5.5041 |
6.8620 |
|
Left |
Money condition (high vs. low) |
22.396 |
50 |
.000 |
1.569 |
1.45 |
1.69 |
What percentage (if any) would you personally consider allocating to your chosen charity? |
12.295 |
50 |
.000 |
5.35294 |
4.6233 |
6.0826 |
One-Sample Statistics |
||||
|
N |
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
Std. Error Mean |
What percentage (if any) would you personally consider allocating to your chosen charity? |
110 |
5.7982 |
3.12835 |
.29828 |
Where do you see yourself politically on a scale of Left (liberal) to Right (conservative)? |
110 |
1.46 |
.501 |
.048 |
One-Sample Test |
||||||
|
Test Value = 0 |
|||||
t |
df |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
Mean Difference |
90% Confidence Interval of the Difference |
||
Lower |
Upper |
|||||
What percentage (if any) would you personally consider allocating to your chosen charity? |
19.439 |
109 |
.000 |
5.79818 |
5.3034 |
6.2930 |
Where do you see yourself politically on a scale of Left (liberal) to Right (conservative)? |
30.643 |
109 |
.000 |
1.464 |
1.38 |
1.54 |
Independent Samples Testa |
|||||||||||
What percentage (if any) would you personally consider allocating to your chosen charity? |
Levene's Test for Equality of Variances |
t-test for Equality of Means |
|||||||||
F |
Sig. |
t |
df |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
Mean Difference |
Std. Error Difference |
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference |
||||
Lower |
Upper |
||||||||||
.00 |
Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding Short Form |
Equal variances assumed |
8.897 |
.031 |
.551 |
5 |
.605 |
7.600 |
13.784 |
-27.834 |
43.034 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
.353 |
1.110 |
.780 |
7.600 |
21.558 |
-209.874 |
225.074 |
||
1.00 |
Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding Short Form |
Equal variances assumed |
. |
. |
.115 |
1 |
.927 |
.500 |
4.330 |
-54.519 |
55.519 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
. |
. |
. |
.500 |
. |
. |
. |
||
2.00 |
Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding Short Form |
Equal variances assumed |
. |
. |
-12.124 |
1 |
.052 |
-10.500 |
.866 |
-21.504 |
.504 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
. |
. |
. |
-10.500 |
. |
. |
. |
||
4.00 |
Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding Short Form |
Equal variances assumed |
. |
. |
.750 |
2 |
.531 |
6.000 |
8.000 |
-28.421 |
40.421 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
. |
. |
. |
6.000 |
. |
. |
. |
||
5.00 |
Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding Short Form |
Equal variances assumed |
.026 |
.873 |
.862 |
28 |
.396 |
4.800 |
5.565 |
-6.600 |
16.200 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
.902 |
20.397 |
.378 |
4.800 |
5.322 |
-6.288 |
15.888 |
||
7.00 |
Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding Short Form |
Equal variances assumed |
6.533 |
.063 |
.873 |
4 |
.432 |
6.250 |
7.158 |
-13.623 |
26.123 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
.902 |
2.257 |
.453 |
6.250 |
6.927 |
-20.524 |
33.024 |
||
8.00 |
Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding Short Form |
Equal variances assumed |
. |
. |
-3.269 |
3 |
.047 |
-27.250 |
8.335 |
-53.777 |
-.723 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
. |
. |
. |
-27.250 |
. |
. |
. |
||
10.00 |
Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding Short Form |
Equal variances assumed |
1.763 |
.198 |
-.044 |
22 |
.965 |
-.263 |
5.956 |
-12.616 |
12.090 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
-.037 |
5.248 |
.972 |
-.263 |
7.084 |
-18.216 |
17.690 |
CONCLUSION
It involves the background of current theories stating that this is the responsibility of dispositional individualism to perform a notable role in the future of political leaning. It was analysed that the presumption created was about individualism because it has an important role.
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