Examples of Information Systems & Technology in Innovation

Main Body

Examples of Usage of Information Systems or Information Technology for Innovation.

The scrutiny of complementary networks of software and hardware that firms and people utilise for the collection, filtering, processing, creation and distribution of data is defined as an information system or technology. Apple Inc. is known for providing incomparable software and hardware (Berson and et. al, 2013). They brought in the introductory personal computer system and in the present scenario, they deliver their services worldwide with a wide range of products like iPod, Macintosh, iPad, iPhone, watch, Apple Pay, iCloud and various others. They have attained this through making use of technology to bring in new services. Uniqueness which is brought in by a firm or any individual is referred to as innovation. Creativity is brought in by Apple Inc. illustrated below:

• Apple push notification service: This is a platform for notification services that are being provided by firms as an innovation within their smart devices. Through this, Apple Inc. allows third-party developers to send notifications to the applications which are being installed on Apple devices. The innovation which was brought in through the usage of technology involves sending custom text alerts, newsstand updates or badges. It is a highly efficient, secure and robust service for app developers for the propagation of information (Huang, Fischer and Pylappan, Apple Inc., 2013).  By utilisation of technology, the system will be able to automatically set up encrypted, and accredited as well as will develop continual IP connections among APNs and applications. Here, developing a secured channel among them needs the development of an account as well as making use of cryptographic certificates. APNs are liable for conveying correspondent notification payloads for every targeted device. By receiving it, the system will render payload for the appropriate app within the device along this interaction is also managed with users. It comprises quality of service components that are liable for performing store & forward functions (Laudon, and Laudon, 2015). APNs are liable for enforcing end-to-end cryptographic authentication & validation so that unauthorised persons do not get access to what notifications are being sent. The maximum size which is allowed for payload notification sent through the binary interface was 2 kilobytes from 256 bytes.
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• Apple-type services for Unicode imaging:  It implies technology which is utilised behind text drawings that are made within Mac OS X. This is a Mac OS set of services that are being utilised for delivering Unicode-encoded text along with enhanced typographic features. It is liable for handling diverse complexities within text layout and involves appropriate furnishing of text within bidirectional as well as vertical script systems. It is crucial for developers who are responsible for writing new word processing applications or text editors who will be rendering Unicode-encoded text (Laudon and Laudon, 2016). This can be utilised by users in case they want to make some alterations within the existing application for supporting Unicode text furnishing. ATSUI (Apple-type services for Unicode Imaging) is rendered by Apple Inc. to allow fine control above layout features. For instance, individuals can precisely position lines of text along with glyphs and draw Unicode text. This can be done at any rotational angle which also includes vertically. It renders text-processing services in case when MLTE (Multilingual Text Engine) is not enough to deliver their liabilities. Along with this, this innovation has provided access to Quartz text effects which are being attained from Carbon within the Mac OS X.
• App store:  A digital distributed platform which is formulated and preserved by Apple Inc. within the iOS operating system that is within their mobile apps is defined as an app store. It enables users to browse as well as download applications which are being developed by a software development kit  (Tokutomi, Seiko Epson Corp, 2018). This innovation was brought in by Apple Inc. on 10th July 2008 and at the initial stage around 500 applications were made available. The purpose behind this was to monetise apps and they ranged from paid, free with in-application purchases and free. Furthermore, in the context of users, it was made easier to access in which they will be able to find out new apps which are being brought in. An online store that is being utilised for purchasing as well as downloading mobile and software applications for Apple devices and computers is referred to as the Apple App Store. It comes inbuilt within iPod touch, iPad and iPhone (Toprani, Apple Inc, 2015). This is the only way which is provided by Apple for downloading native iOS applications without any kind of jailbreaking of the device. The revenue which is attained by paid or free in-app purchases is shared between Apple and software developers at a ratio of around 3:7 which implies that 30 per cent is with the firm and 70 per cent of the amount is with developers of the applications.   
• IWork.com office suite of applications that is being formulated by Apple Inc. for their iOS and macOS operating systems which is accessible across platforms via the iCloud website is referred to as iwork. Apple Inc. has brought in this innovation to provide their users with enhanced options which comprise word processing, presentation programs, spreadsheet application numbers and desktop publishing application pages  (Toyoshima, Sony Corp and Sony Electronics Inc, 2013). It acts as an office suite which targets home as well as small businesses with minimum features as compared to their competitors like LibreOffice project (is an open source) and Microsoft Office for Mac but furnishes their users with a simpler interface, built-in options in connection with iCloud and strong touchscreen support along with options for management of iPhoto. The goal of Apple Inc. behind the creation of iWork for allow Mac users to create attractive spreadsheets and documents through the utilisation of macOS's extensive font libraries, AppleScript automation framework, sophisticated graphical API along unified spelling checker. Apple Inc. provide their users with tools through which they can enhance their work. This can be understood by taking an example pages will allow individuals to create sensational-looking documents as well as select a template as per the requirement and add extra key points like images, charts, etc. 
  
  

Some innovations which have been brought by Apple Inc. through the usage of technology have been illustrated above but there lies many more which are rendered by the firm  (Vacca, 2013). This is carried out by them to provide their customers with an ease for accessing different aspects which are crucial for them within day to day life. It also implies that technology along with innovation plays a critical role in delivering their services. 

Lessons learned from example.

Information systems or technology plays an important role in the conversion of an idea into a reality. This can be understood by an example like the app store brought up by Apple to provide their customer with an option to develop applications. However, this would not be possible without technology as some kind of programming languages are being utilised for the development of software (Wawrzyniak and Hyla, 2014). Various lessons are being learnt when something or innovations are brought within the market and it must be ensured that problems which were faced within the development of applications in the present time must be taken into consideration while bringing in some other app or devices. This can be understood by taking an example within Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging it was identified that some characters were missing from the font function which is being provided by Apple Inc. From this, the development team of Apple Inc. has learnt that every aspect associated with features which are being delivered by them must be cross-verified so that all the necessary operations which have to be carried out by specified features must be added  (White, 2015).

Another instance can be considered for acknowledging that it is necessary to learn from mistakes. Within Apple's Mac App Store, some things went wrong but they were being noticed after providing services to their customers. In this, the major limitation was sandboxing (the software management strategy which is responsible for isolating applications from any kind of cavilling resources or other programs which are violable) which possesses the ability to limit applications and files which are accessed. This is great in the context of the security of devices but does possess some drawbacks. An example can be taken into account, VirusBarrier Scanner denotes a free version of Intego's anti-virus solution that is responsible for scanning as well as checking files which exist within the folder of the user (Wu and et. al, 2016). As restrictions are imposed or forced by Apple Inc., the files cannot be scanned from elsewhere within the device of an individual like it cannot be identified the position in which malware is installed along with this, it does not render real-time scanning of malware. This implies that it is not an appropriate option for protecting devices from any kind of danger that is being delivered through the usage of the internet. Furthermore, all applications provided within this are not free but the option which is being provided by software developers of Apple Inc. is a free trial. This assists the user in identifying which application will entirely fulfil their requirements. The apps present within the app store do not render discounted upgrades which can act as costly for their users. It is obvious that when applications are not updated then there lie some loopholes through which intruders can get into their device and integrity will be lost (Bard, Apple Inc, 2013). Therefore, upgrades must be taken into consideration. Along with this, Apple Inc. needs to ensure that appropriate discounts or offers are given to their customers so that people are satisfied with the services which are being provided to them.

Impact of Internal & External Factors on the Success of It/Is Enabled Innovation.

How firms deliver their services is affected by different factors, either they can be internal or external. They have been illustrated below:

Internal factors:  They include components which are present inside the organisation and create a peculiar impact on their operations is referred to as internal factors. They have been specified below:

Organisational:  They denote the working environment which exists in the firm like culture, structure, etc. which prevails within. If a hierarchical structure exists within then each individual is liable for responding to their seniors, they will tell their seniors and the hierarchy will continue (Berson and et. al, 2013). This will lead to delays within the formulation of decisions which will create a pessimistic impact on how actions are being taken by Apple Inc.

Individual:  Each person has their perceptions related to what they have to do and how it can be carried out. But when they are being ordered for everything then they might be demotivated which will lead them either to leave or work as per what is said to them. Within Apple Inc., different culture prevails where each individual is valued and their opinions are taken into account to give them the feeling that they are crucial aspects.

Management:  If top employees of Apple Inc. are not cooperative and do not provide effectual solutions to their employees then there will be a negative impact on overall services and how they are being delivered (Huang, Fischer and Pylappan, Apple Inc., 2013).

External factors:  They denote the elements which are present outside the firm and create an influence on their performance. These factors are specified below:

Political factors:  The issues which exist between China and the US are declining performance as well as the shares of Apple within the Chinese market. If tariffs from the United States are enhanced on the imports that are made by the Chinese then Apple Inc. will have a pessimistic impact in terms of they have to pay high taxes to the government.

Economic factors:  Apple Inc. has noticed diverse constituents concerning this aspect, they are, currency, recession and inflation. The products offered by Apple Inc. are seen as luxury which implies they are costly so customers started spending less (Laudon, and Laudon, 2015).

Social factors:  The products of Apple Inc. have made their presence within the international market as without gadgets world cannot be anticipated. Possessing services rendered by Apple Inc. Are considered status symbols which lead to increased sal

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