Psychology for Health and Social Care Sector

Task 1

1. Comparison of Different Theories of Life Span Development

According to psychological theories, there are ranges of services which are provided by Health and Social care organizations to distinct individuals in their whole life stage development. These life stages are infancy, early childhood, adolescence, adulthood, late adulthood, and the final stage of life and death. These stages of life can be easily understood by different individuals. These psychological theories are continuity, discontinuity, stage, and open-ended theory. Comparisons of these theories are described as under:

Continuity versus discontinuity theory of HSC

The continuity theory of development is one of the important psychological theories of HSC which helps in determining different new and innovative changes in the different stages of individuals in their life cycle. But, on the other hand, the discontinuity theory of health and social care helps in determining sudden and instant changes in different stages of human being and these changes are generally unexpected and diverse. Motor development is one of the important parts of the continuous theory of lifespan development of an individual. According to this theory, each and every individual faces motor changes in their whole life stage. These types of changes are relevant to the previous changes in the life cycle. Older people and their lifestyle are the best examples of this theory because their behavior and actions will remain the same for different activities in their younger and older age. They treat their relationships, behavior, and personalities the same as their young age.

Therefore according to the continuity theory, older people use the most suitable strategies for their lifespan development, and every strategy is directly associated with their past actions and behavior. Therefore, Motor development theory is a very appropriate theory for understanding old stage development of a human being. Along with this, the statement of this theory has reflected that individuals modify different stages of the life cycle to manage internal and external structures of development. But, their internal structure such as life, personality, values, beliefs, and ideas remain the same in continuous development.

But, on the other hand, discontinuity theory has stated that every individual needs to have faced some diverse and unexpected changes which can directly affect the lifespan development of a human being. In addition, as per this theory, there are huge differences between all changes in the different life stages. Therefore, it has reflected un-continuous changes in the life stages of a human being. This theory also focuses on isolated and indifferent changes in stages of whole life. Along with this, changes have their own starting and ending points which reflect the entire stages of the lifecycle.

Stage versus open-ended theory

Psychological theories include stage versus open-ended theories which focus on every stage of the life span development of an individual. As per the stage theory, every individual needs to face similar stages of life span development which lies between the birth and death of a person. According to this theory, future expectations of an individual force them to select an appropriate path of development in different ways. Therefore, stage theory is based on assumptions. Stage development theory can easily be understood by Erik Ericson's theory of life span progress. As per these theories every individual needs to face different changes and lessons which affect their whole life span development. According to this theory, mostly social, external, and parental factors have a positive and direct impact on the life span development of an individual According to this theory every human being needs to face eight stages in their life cycle and these stages are associated with each other. Therefore, life span development of the individual also depends on these stages. In these stages, individuals need to face different changes in every stage such as changes in personality, emotion, skills, quality attitude, etc. These changes directly affect all stages of the lifespan development of an individual. Stage theory has also reflected that a human being needs to face different factors such as emotional conflicts, external environment and relationships, etc.

But, on the other hand, open-ended theory does not focus on any kind of assumptions and insight. This theory has stated that every individual develops different hypotheses and assumptions. These assumptions play an important role in their positive and negative reactions in different situations. Their reactions are also based on different psychological, physiological, and cultural factors. Their decision making process is also affected by these factors. Therefore, as per the open-ended theory, every individual has a distinct choice for making each and every decision. Stage theory can easily be understood by Erik Ericson but open-ended theory of Jaan Valsiner helps in understanding various aspects of human development. Every aspect is associated with various factors such as the routine activities of individuals. This theory has also reflected that every aspect is also different from person to person. Including this, intra-personal is also one of the important aspects of this theory which helps in understanding the actions and reactions of each individual. The third and most important aspect of this theory is the transfer of experience from past life. Including this, it is an important theory for understanding the different challenges that are faced by a child in their life.

Task 2

1. Explanation of Social And Biological Factors That Influence Human Behavior

The capacity of mental, physical, social, and emotional activities during the different stages of the life cycle is known as human behavior. Different factors can influence human behavior and social and biological factors are the most important factors in it. Influence of social and biological factors are described as under...

Social factors

Socialization and social factors can affect the behavior of an individual in effectual manner. These factors help in obtaining appropriate knowledge, skills, and language through society. These factors can influence human behavior. In the childhood stage, every individual learns most of the things from their families so, it is also considered a major factor that can influence human behavior. Education is considered another factor that can also influence Sam's life. A low education level reflects the bad behavior of Sam and a high level of education will represent a very good behavior. Along with this culture, the media and environment of Sam can also affect his behavior.

Biological factors

There are different biological factors that can also influence the behavior of Sam. Genetic aspects are one of the major factors which can influence an individual's behavior. Intelligence and talents come from heredity so, it can also affect the behavior of Sam. Along with this, the loss of neurons is the major reason behind the disease of Sam. Along with this, biological factors also include the autonomic nervous system, central nervous system, localization and lateralization of brain function, endocrine system, sensory systems, etc. These factors affect the physical and mental health of Sam. So, it is also considered a major biological factor that can influence the behavior of Sam.

2. Importance of Social Roles in the Context of Health And Social Care Settings

As per the given scenario, Sam is facing some problems in his lifespan development and it has negative impacts on his behavior as well as his mental and physical health. In this stage, he can't able to fight with all these problems. Both mental and physical health are very important for aging these issues. Appropriate lifespan development depends on behavior, attitude, environment, and social factors rather than heredity. Therefore, for maintaining the mental stages of Sam, social roles will play a very important role. Sam is facing the problem of depression and reducing mental disorder so, in this condition, appropriate care of parents and good nutrition are very important for both psychological and physical health. Sam is a patient of Alzheimer so, so he can lose their memory due to high levels of stress. In this condition, social roles will play a very significant role in determining and reminding his identity. Therefore, it helps in the development of identity and self-concepts in Sam. Along with this, social roles will also be important for maintaining conformity and traditional values in the behavior of Sam. Overall, social roles are very important for the physical and mental development of Sam.

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Conclusion

The current research report has successfully described different psychological theirs in the context of health and social care settings. These theories are continuity and discontinuity theory, open-ended and stage theory, etc. Reports have disclosed that every human being needs to go through different life span development stages such as infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Each stage is associated with an appropriate psychological theory. Further, research has also described that social and biological factor has direct and indirect impact on human behavior. These factors include socialization, family, education, language, media, culture and environment, etc. Major biological factors also affect the life span development of an individual which include genetic, neurodegenerative disorders, traits, blueprints, etc. This research has also found that social roles also play a very important role in reminding identity, conformity, and developing self-concepts.

References

• Agarwal, N. and Zeephongsekul, P., 2013. Psychological pricing in mergers & acquisitions using prospect theory. Studies In Economics and Finance.
• Akoumianakis, D., 2014. Boundary spanning tactics and “traceable” connections in cross-organizational virtual alliances: A case study. journal of enterprise information system.
• Apostolopoulos, A. C., 2010. Coastal bridges and the 120 Life Span - the RioAntirio case study. International Journal of Structural Integrity.
• Bornstein, H. A., Vandell, L. V. and Rook, S. K., 2010. Lifespan Development: Infancy Through Adulthood. Cengage Learning.
• Bowers, A., 2015. Category Expectations, Category Spanning, and Market Outcomes, in Giovanni Gavetti, William Ocasio. Advances in Strategic Management.
• Boyd, R. D. and Bee, L. H., 2011. Lifespan Development. Pearson.

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